금요일, 9월 04, 2015

Ubuntu nvidia 드라이버 잡기 실패기 -> 성공기

회사일 때문에도 필요하고, 개인적으로도 리눅스를 사용해보고자 과감하게 PC의 윈도를 밀고, 우분투를 올렸는데...기본 드라이버가 너무 허접하여 엔비디아 드라이버를 설치하려고 하는데..개고생중.  무려 3일넘게 허비함.  초보에게는 어려운 작업이라 무려 5-6번이 넘게 재설치함ㅜ

일단, 기존 X window랑 충돌이 많이 나는지 드라이버 설치는 되는데 드라이버를 설치하고 나면 제대로 그래픽 드라이버를 못잡아 재부팅시 계속해서 low-graphic 모드로 전환되고, 아예 콘솔창으로만 동작하는 사태가 발생함.

$sudo sh NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64....run

을 수행하면, X window가 켜져 있어서 안된다고함.

리눅스 환경에 서투른 나는 여기서 설치를 제대로 진행못함ㅜㅠ 아 무식이여

구글선생에 문의 결과,

1. Ctrl + Alt + F1으로 Terminal 모드로 전환
2. Login
3. $service gdm stop
4. $sudo sh ~/Downloads/NVIDIA-...run
5. Yes - Yes로 설치 진행
6. $sudo reboot

로 하면 된다고 함. 지금 실행한다~


30분 경과. 위의 방법 안되서 다른 방법으로 성공함. 아래는 http://askubuntu.com/questions/451221/ubuntu-14-04-install-nvidia-driver를 참조하여 성공함. 

1. 안전하고 완전하게 설치하기 위해 터미널 모드로 진입
    Ctrl + Alt + F1

2. 이전에 설치된 모든 그래픽 드라이버 제거
    $sudo apt-get remove nvidia* && sudo apt-get autoremove

3. Nouveau (우분투 설치 시 기본으로 깔린놈. 느린 우분투 그래픽 환경의 원흉!)을 blacklist로 추가함. 아래 파일이 없는 경우 만들어서 진행.
    $sudo vi /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nouveau.conf

4. 3에서 만든 파일에 아래를 추가. 이건 진짜 필요한 것 인지 잘 모르겠음.
    blacklist nouveau
    blacklist lbm-nouveau
    options nouveau modeset=0
    alias nouveau off
    alias lbm-nouveau off

5. Nouveau Kernel을 Disable시킴.
    $echo options nouveau modeset=0 | sudo tee -a /etc/modprobe.d/nouveau-kms.conf
    $update-initramfs -u

6. 리부팅하자
    $sudo reboot

7. 리붓하면 초보자 놀래키는 검은 화면이 출몰함.  침착하게 호흡을 가다듬은 후 로그인. 그리고 나서 display manager (DM) 멈추기.  우분투 14.04의 경우 lightdm임.  KDM 또는 GDM을 쓰고 있으면 적절히 고쳐서 쓰면 됨.  아래 명령어를 수행하면 아마 해당 인스턴스가 없거나 lightdm stopped/waiting 이렇게 보이는 거면 된 것임.
    $sudo service lightdm stop

8. 대미를 장식할 nvidia 드라이버 설치
    $sudo sh NVIDIA-x86_64...run

이후 재부팅하면 정상으로 돌아왔으면서도 쾌적한 환경의 우분투를 만날 수 있다!

월요일, 7월 27, 2009


July 24, 2009

Korean Wave

What is The Korean Wave (한류)?

The Korean wave, or Hallyu, refers to the increased popularity of S. Korean culture over the Asia and some areas over America or Europe since late 1990s [WikiKorWav]. However, the term Korean wave was not invented by Koreans. Rather, one Chinese journalist started to call this term to describe the growing popularity of Korean culture in China. Since then, the term has used in other nations as well. The Korean wave begun with exporting TV shows such as “Autumn Fairy Tale”, “Winter Sonata”, and “Dae Jang Geum (Jewel in the Palace).” Then, it combined soon with other cultural goods such as movies and music (so-called K-Pop). Recently, it also affects the brand image of Korean products like TV and mobile phones.


Why have Korean cultural products become so popular in other Asian countries (China, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia)?

Before the Korean wave age, there had been age of Japanese wave that influenced other asian culture, one reason being because their relative economic power on the Asia. With the popularity of Korean products like electronic goods, Asians have become interested in business with Korean companies. Subsequently, their interests have also become related to cultural products due to Korea being culturally rich.

Secondly, cultural proximity should be considered too. Some conservative countries such as China may not feel comfortable to directly adopt hip-hop, westernized movies and TV shows [need to add supporting sentences]. Since Korea has more rapidly adopted western culture especially from US than any other Asian countries except Japan, they have become more selfconscious to try and to localize and filter western culture, They have done so by seasoning western adopted culture with Confucian themes. This has meant that Asian often enjoy “Koreanized hip-hop and TV shows” more because they share Korean’s confucian value. However, it is not true that the Korean wave appealed to every country in same way:


Both shows conveyed an emotional purity that appealed in different ways around the region. In places like Hong Kong, Taiwan and Bangkok, the raw emotion was seen as an expression of South Korea's modernity, while the Japanese nostalgically considered the stories to be similar to the high drama of Japanese TV in decades past. [WSJ]


Finally, there is an internal reason that must be mentioned. Before political liberalization in Korea, most cultural goods had been censored and monitored by governmental agencies. Under those circumstance, TV and movies producers were only allowed to produce TV shows and movies of government flavors that gave the birth of melodrama. Ironically, since the 1990s, the liberalized age, the melodrama has become the main type of exported Korean dramas.


How has Korean cultural policy affected the development of the Korean cultural industry (music, drama, and television)? Hint: An example could be the banning of Japanese imports to Korea

[Not by policy, but Cultural Changes by Democratization][Status Quo of before the active policies][how Korean culture spread to other Asian countries][list Korean cultural policies that encourage production of Korean cultural products][Screen Quota Policy]

It is somewhat true that government driven policy has affected the development of the Korean cultural industry in the early stage of the Korean wave. For instance, Japanese cultural products had been banned for political reason until presidential reign of Daejoong Kim. Korean movies were protected from Hollywood movies by a regulation “Screen Quota.” In the regulation, every theater must screen Korean movies for at least 2/5 of screening days each year [WikiScrQt]. Also, after the 2000s, the former government gave subsidies to many film companies. The general policy about the film market reminds us of the agent-driven industrialization policy in the 60 and 70s in S. Korea.

However, other areas such as K-Pop music and TV shows were born naturally with political liberalization rather than agent-driven policy though recent atmosphere has been differentiated by the government in order to spread more widely and maintain the Korean wave. The former government started to consider industrialization of pop culture as a important business that can increase income coming into the country.

In addition to this, as mentioned above, there is another point of view that the Korean wave is partially a result of democratization of Korea.


Like many South Koreans, Oh Dong Suk, 40, an investor in online games in Beijing, said he believed South Korea's pop culture was a fruit of the country's democratization. "If you watch South Korean movies from the 1970s or 1980s, you could feel that it was a controlled society," Oh said. [IHT]


has Korean cultural policy affected Korean popular culture's popularity both domestically and internationally?

[Since long protection over the film market, Korean film could be grown to occupy up to 2/3 of the entire film market against invasion of Hollywood block-busters until recently][This policy was introduced to some countries like France as one of the good example of how to protect their own film market from attacks of Hollywood movies]


Why does popular culture in East Asia normally spread from non-ethnic Chinese to ethnic Chinese areas?

One possible reason would be they are the biggest consumer of cultural and non-cultural products, but on the other hands, like earlier in the 90s of S. Korea, the China government is strictly monitoring and censoring cultural products. However, historically, China had not been cultural product importers before communist party governed the nation.

In the near future, they would also change the direction on the culture industry, emulating nations which were succeeded at industrializing pop culture. This policy obviously bring many side-effects such as rebelliousness against the government and anti-government movements for freedom. In my perspective, it is because cultural development always carries the diversity of society and freedom of public, which are heart of democracy.


What are the implications of Korean cultural products being widely consumed in other East Asian countries?

Simply saying, the Korean wave has given an opportunity to Korea to modify its role from a cultural importer to a cultural exporter. Moreover, Korea might be able to grow its cultural influence as well as political power over other Asian countries. Those growing influences can gain positive feedback for the economic growth of the nation, forming positive feedback loop to each area among cultural and economic aspects.


Is it likely that Korean popular culture will become widely consumed in Europe or the USA in the near future?

So far, it is hard to consider that Korean culture may catch up with the popularity of Japanese or Chinese culture in western countries. As is well known, Japanese and Chinese culture among Asian culture has been largely adopted and consumed by North American and Europeans. Japanese animation, manga, game and food have widely invaded into their normal life since 1970s. Also, it is incontrovertible that economic and political influence of China to the entire world is rapidly increasing, and most advanced countries are busy with anticipating the political and economical change of China. However, comparing to those cases, the influence of the Korean wave still affects mainly from far East Asia to Middle East Asia. In the US, based on my observation, the majority of american were not aware of any of Korean popular culture and not even interested in it though more and more start recognizing famous Korean movies like “Old boy” and “Memory of Murder”, and electronic companies that produce fancy cellphones and flat TVs. In addition, major news channels and journals treated it as no more than other asian culture.

Contrary to pure cultural influence of Korean wave over the advanced countries, success story in manufacturing electronic goods is known as a heart of another Korean wave in those countries. One may anticipate that influence of electronic goods and cars industry will somehow affect to US and European culture as Japanese goods did in 1970s and 80s.


Give an example of a cultural flow similar to The Korean Wave which can be found in Europe or the USA?

Japanese animation, manga and game are one of good role model that the Korean wave must benchmark. Japanese invasion over North America could be a good role model that the Korean wave should follow in the future, so Korean culture can widely spread.

References

[WikiKorWav]
Wikipedia, Korean wave. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_wave

[IHT]
Norimitsu, Onishi. A rising Korean wave: If Seoul Sells it, China craves it. Beijing, International Herald Tribune. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/02/world/asia/02iht-korea.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Korean%20Wave&st=cse

[WSJ]
Ramstard, Evan. Riding the ‘Korean Wave’. Seoul. The Wall Street Journal.

[WikiScrQt]
Wikipedia, Screen Quota. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_quotas